Introduction

The internal and external forces that motivate individual behavior were the focus of attention of the classical theories of motivation. However, over the years, researchers have realized that these individual-level variables do not fully explain the motivated behavior. Rather, motivational variables at the group and organizational levels further enhance our understanding of work motivation. More recently, attention has been shifted to the more macro-level of culture as an explanatory variable of work motivation. All four chapters in part 4 focus on the cultural level of analysis.