Contributors

Neville Alexander is at present Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town, where he co-ordinates research on models of multilingual education, focuses on language planning and policy issues at national and provincial levels and also advises government on language policy in education. nalexan@education.uct.ac.za

Ulrich Ammon is Professor of the linguistics of German with a focus on sociolinguistics, University of Duisburg. He has also been visiting professor at universities in Australia, Japan, and the USA. He has published widely on dialects, mother-tongue teaching, pluricentric languages, and languages in international communication. He is a co-editor of the handbook Sociolinguistics (1987/88) and the yearbook Sociolinguistica. His three latest monographs are: ‘Die internationale Stellung der deutschen Sprache’ (1991), ‘Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Osterreich und der Schweiz’ (1995), and ‘Ist Deutsch noch internationale Wissenschaftssprache?’ (1998). ammon@uni-duisburg.de

E.Annamalai studied linguistics in India and the USA, specializing in syntax and semantics. At the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, as Professor and then Director, he primarily worked on issues of language conflicts, language in education, and the development of aboriginal languages. He served on committees advising the Government of India on language policies. His publications include ‘Language movements in India’ (1979), and ‘Multilingual management: Languages planning and use in India’ (1999). anianamm@giasbga.vsnl.net.in

Constance Beutel worked for more than 30 years in the telecommunications industry, the last 12 of which were spent in bringing innovative academic programs to working professionals for Pacific Bell. She was the interim Executive Director of the Buckminster Fuller Institute in Santa Barbara, California, has been attached to Menlo College, Atherton, California, and is currently Assistant Professor in the School of Technology and Industry at Golden Gate University, San Francisco. Her research and application focus is on using technology to extend learning and teaching. Her passion is about the future and our human potential to live compassionately and sustainably on the planet. cmbeutel@worldnet.att.net

Jan Branson is Director of the National Institute for Deaf Studies and Sign Language Research at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Her research has focused on the comparative understanding of processes of social

and cultural discrimination and oppression, the impact of formal education on the reproduction of inequalities based on gender and class in both Australia and Indonesia, and comparative studies of the economic and political roles of women in Australia and Indonesia. She has also developed courses in Women’s Studies, and has for the last decade been involved in the study of the cultural construction of ‘the disabled’ leading to intensive study of the language and culture of Deaf communities in Australia, Indonesia and Thailand. branson@ latrobe.edu.au

Birgit Brock-Utne is Professor of International Education at the Institute for Educational Research, University of Oslo, Norway. She has qualifications from Norway, Germany, and the USA in the humanities and social sciences, and a doctorate in peace studies (Oslo). From 1987 to 1992 she worked at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. She has written extensively in the fields of educational innovation and action research, women and education, peace education, and education in Africa. She is active in ongoing support to education in many African countries, particularly South Africa. birgit.brockutne@ped.uio.no

Michael Clyne is Professor of Linguistics and Director, Language and Society Centre, Monash University, Melbourne. He was previously Associate Professor of German at Monash, where he obtained his PhD. Member of the Order of Australia, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and the Arts, Honorary Doctorate, University of Munich, Grimm Prize 1999. Research interests: multilingualism, sociolinguistics (especially of German), inter-cultural communication, second language acquisition. He has written 24 books and over 250 articles. michael.clyne@arts.monash.edu.au

Jim Cummins teaches in the Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning of the University of Toronto. He has published widely in the areas of language learning, bilingual education, educational reform, and the implications of technological innovation for education. Among his publications are ‘Brave new schools: Challenging cultural illiteracy through global learning networks’ (with Dennis Sayers, 1995) and ‘Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society’ (1996). jcummins@oise.utoronto.ca

Probal Dasgupta, a graduate of the University of Calcutta (majoring in linguistics, 1973) and of New York University (1980 PhD in generative syntax, on Bangla). An author of several books on linguistics and a translator from Bangla into Esperanto, he has taught in New York, Melbourne, Calcutta, Pune, and (as Professor of Applied Linguistics) at the University of Hyderabad since 1989. He co-edits Language Problems and Language Planning and The

Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics and is a member of the Akademio de Esperanto. pdgalts@uohyd.emet.in

Zubeida Desai is a Senior Lecturer specialising in language in education in the Faculty of Education at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa. She is also currently the chairperson of the Pan South African Language Board, an independent statutory body set up by the post-apartheid government to promote multilingualism and the development of African languages. zdesai@ uwc.ac.za

Teun van Dijk was for many years Professor of Discourse Studies at the University of Amsterdam before moving to the University of Barcelona. After earlier work in literary theory, text grammar, the psychology of text processing and news analysis, his work took a more social and critical direction, focussing especially on the reproduction of racism through a variety of discourses. His current research program involves the development of a multidisciplinary theory of ideology. He was founder editor of Text, Discourse & Society, and Discourse Studies. For publications see: www.hum.uva.nl/teun teun@let.uvan.nl

Ina Druviete has a doctorate and is Professor of General Linguistics at the University of Latvia, Head of the Department of Sociolinguistics at the Latvian Language Institute, and Head of the Latvian Language Council. Corresponding member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Fields of specialisation: sociolinguistics, language policy, history of linguistics. Author of more than 140 scientific publications. Visiting scholar at Stockholm, Oslo, and Roskilde Universities, Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh (1996-1997). latv@ac.lza.la

Mark Fettes has worked on language policy issues with Canadian Aboriginal organizations, the Canadian Centre for Linguistic Rights, the Centre for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems, and the Esperantic Studies Foundation. His PhD dissertation ‘The Linguistic Ecology of Education’ (University of Toronto, 1999) develops a theory of situated language use to guide community-based policy-making in language education. mfettes@magi.com

Gella Schweid Fishman is President of the ‘Friends of the Yiddish Secular Schools of America Collection’, Stanford, California, founder of the ‘Yiddish Secular Schools of America Collection’ at special collections, Stanford University Libraries, at which she is also Special Consultant. She is a published Yiddish poet and has taught Yiddish at every level (from nursery to college and teacher training courses) for 55 years. gellafsysa@aol.com

Joshua A. Fishman is Emeritus Distinguished University Research Professor of Social Sciences at Yeshiva University, Visiting Professor of Linguistics and

Education at Stanford University, Adjunct Professor of Language Learning and Teaching at New York University and Visiting Professor of Linguistics at the graduate center of City University in New York. His most recent books are ‘Reversing Language Shift’ (1991, under revision), ‘ln Praise of the Beloved Language’ (1997), ‘Handbook of Language and Ethnicity’ (1999) and he is currently preparing a ‘Handbook of Language and Religion’. fishman@csli. stanford.edu

Ofelia García is Dean of the School of Education at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. She was a professor of bilingual education at City College of New York for almost twenty years. García has been a Spencer Fellow of the National Academy of Education, a Fulbright Scholar, and was the first recipient of the Ofelia García Spirit of the Community Award for her vision in adult education. She has published extensively in the area of bilingual education, the education of language minorities, the sociology of language, and Spanish in the U.S. ogarcia@hornet.liunet.edu

Harald Gaski is Associate Professor of Sámi Literature at the University of Tromsø, Norway, and has been a visiting professor at universities in Australia, Greenland, and the USA. He has written and edited several books on Sámi literature and culture, including translations into English, and has played a pivotal role in establishing Sámi literature as an academic subject. His latest books are the anthologies ‘ln the shadow of the midnight sun’, and ‘Contemporary Sámi prose and poetry’, both published by the Sámi press, Dawi Girji in Norway, and available internationally through the University of Washington Press, Seattle. harald.gaski@hum.uit.no

François Grin took his PhD in economics at the University of Geneva and has held research and teaching positions at the Universities of Montreal, Washington (Seattle), Fribourg, and Geneva. He is currently Acting Director of the European Centre for Minority Issues in Flensburg, Germany, as well as interim Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, University of Geneva. François Grin has published extensively on the economic approaches to language, ethnicity, and language policy, as well as in education economics. françois.grin@ecopo.unige.ch

Cees Hamelink is Professor of International Communication at the University of Amsterdam. He studied moral philosophy and psychology at the University of Amsterdam and obtained his PhD degree in 1975. He is the editor-inchief of the International Journal for Communication Studies: Gazette. He is adviser on various communication projects for UNESCO, UNRISD, and the International Baccalaureate. He is also Honorary President of the International Association for Media and Communication Research. He has authored 14 books on international communication, culture, human rights and information technology. Major publications are ‘Cultural Autonomy in Global

Communications’ (1983), ‘Finance and Information’ (1983), ‘The Technology Gamble’ (1988), Trends in World Communication’ (1994), and ‘The Politics of World Communication’ (1994). hamelink@mail.antenna.nl

Amir Hassanpour is Assistant Professor in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, Canada. He studied linguistics (Tehran University) and communications (University of Illinois) and has taught media studies at the University of Windsor and Concordia University. His published research includes papers on the language, culture and politics of Kurdistan, language and television, and communications in Canada. amirhp@ chass.utoronto.ca

Kathleen Heugh is a language policy and planning researcher and teacher educator with the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa, at the University of Cape Town. She is also a member of the Pan South African Language Board, a statutory body established to promote the development of previously marginalised languages as well as multilingualism in South Africa. kh@education.uct.ac.za

Leena Huss is Associate Professor and Research Fellow at the Centre for Multiethnic Research, and a lecturer at the Department of Finno-Ugric Languages, Uppsala University, Sweden. Her PhD was on child bilingualism, and has authored a book (1999) on minority languages and linguistic revitalization in northem Scandinavia and Finland. For publications see https:// www.multietn.uu.se/leenahuss@hotmail.com

Mustapha Hussain migrated from Pakistan to Denmark in 1973. He graduated in social sciences from the University of Lund, Sweden, where he is nearing completion of a doctoral thesis in sociology. He has been involved in a series of research projects in Denmark, and in anti-racist training for the police. mustafa.hussain@get2net.dk

Markku Jokinen is a graduate in education from the University of Jyväskylä, where he is Coordinator in the Programme for Finnish Sign Language Users, and has undertaken postgraduate studies in Linguistics, Psycholinguistics and Sign Language Linguistics at the University of Rochester, NY, USA. He is President of the Finnish Association for the Deaf, Vice-President of the European Union of the Deaf, and serves as an expert for the World Federation of the Deaf on Deaf Education, Sign Language and Deaf Culture. markku. jokinen@kl-deaf.fi

Miklos Kontra is Professor of English Applied Linguistics at Józef Attila University, Szeged, and head of the Department of Sociolinguistics in the Linguistics Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. He has coedited ‘Hungarian Sociolinguistics’ (1995) and ‘Language: a right and

a resource’ (1999), and has edited a special issue on Central Europe of Multilingua (2000). kontra@nytud.hu

Jarmo Lainio emigrated as an infant from Finland to Sweden. He studied modern languages and wrote a doctoral study on the language of adult Sweden Finns. He has held posts at the Department of Finno-Ugric Languages (Uppsala University), the Department of Finnish and the Centre for Research on Bilingualism (both at Stockholm University). He has published some 50 articles/books on sociolinguistics, language policy, minority languages, Finnish in a minority position, and the sociology of language. jarmo.lainio@ finska.su.se

Istvan Lanstyak was born in Slovakia, studied in Debrecen, Hungary, and after several years of secondary school teaching, completed a PhD in ‘modern nonSlavonic philology’ in Slovakia, where he is assistant professor at Comenius University, Bratislava. Research interests: Hungarian dialectology, HungarianSlovak bilingualism, especially contact phenomena and language planning. lanstyak@fphil.uniba.sk

Pirkko Leporanta-Morley works in the pre-school sector in Sweden, and is currently an advisor on multi-ethnic pre-schools in Rinkeby. As well as publishing poetry she has written scholarly papers on the multicultural preschool, for UNESCO-99’s ‘Comparative perspectives on language and literature’. p.leporanta@telia.com

Anna-Riitta Lindgren is Professor of Finnish at the University of Tromsø. Her PhD dealt with linguistic aspects of Kven dialects. She has written widely on the Kven language, the sociology of language, Sámi, trilingualism, and minority languages in northem Scandinavia. anna-riitta.lindgren@hum.uit.no

Lilja Liukka, born in 1920 in northern Finland, lives in Rinkeby, Sweden, the suburb with the largest percentage of minorities in Sweden. After 6 years of formal education she worked in hospitals in both countries and as the secretary of the Finnish Association in Rinkeby. She has mainly worked with children, youth and women, organising after-school activities, summer camps, courses (e.g. in zone therapy, bakery, assertion training). She has been actively involved in negotiating and organising Finnish-medium day care, pre-schools, classes, and schools-and a strike. The Sweden Finnish school in Järva, Stockholm, has been named Lilja school in her honour. She was awarded the first ever Finnish Language Day Prize. She has published poems, and is writing the history of the Finnish Association.