ABSTRACT
Punitiveness in Western penal systems has gained increased attention over the last ten years. Some (e.g. Garland, 2001) suggest that we have entered a new age of punitiveness characterized by the rise of boot camps, use of the death penalty, austere and overcrowded prison conditions, and chain gangs. Others (e.g O'Malley, 1999: Pratt, 2002) see a more complicated turn of events whereby the rise of punitiveness is concomitant with the introduction of neoliberal strategies that mandate efficiency and effectiveness. Although there is contention about the degree to which the ‘punitive turn’ has taken place, there appears to be a degree of accord on the notion that rehabilitation has abated and been replaced (in some instances) by more punitive mentalities.
