Technology Transfer to Phase Out odss in Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning 1

The first controlled refrigeration of perishable foods was accomplished in caves, cellars, wells or artesian ‘springhouses’. Simple air-conditioning was first achieved with flowing cold water or by evaporating water on porous surfaces. Natural ice was originally stored locally for warm-weather use, and by the early 1800s globally marketed to temperate regions. Carbon tetrachloride and methyl bromide were the first ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) used as refrigerants, and even these only in obscure instances. ² In the middle of the 19th century, mechanical ice-making equipment – primarily using sulphur dioxide, ammonia and hydrocarbon refrigerants – became competitive at locations far from unpolluted natural ice sources. ³