Support to Stakeholder Involvement in Water Management Circumventing Some Participation Pitfalls

Public participation is increasingly involved in collective decision-making processes at the local level, although what actually is meant by participation is rarely specified and varies widely. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive contains a specific article regarding participation. In Africa, new national policies have attempted to involve stakeholders and citizens in collective decision-making processes and in the implementation of their outputs. Participation is currently promoted by international institutions.