ABSTRACT
Climate change is one of the most significant phenomena of the twenty-first century. Most of the climate scientists agree that global warming is caused by the extensive exploitation of fossil fuels, such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas, which produce increased levels of greenhouse gases. Solar panel electricity systems incorporate photovoltaic (PV) cells that consist of semiconductor materials that capture the sun’s energy and convert it into electricity. Direct PV energy conversion in solar cells (SCs) results from the PV effect, and it has fundamentally two essential steps, charge generation and charge separation. With the evolution of new materials technology and thin-film growth techniques, third-generation SCs offer several promising approaches to exceed the detailed balance limit of single junction SCs. Intermediate SCs have recently emerged as third-generation SCs enabling absorption and utilization of photons having energies lower than the bandgap of the semiconductor material.
