Women art writers negotiated new developments in the profession alongside shifting educational, economic and social conditions. Journalistic success was imperative to the financial welfare of middle-class women, hence their need to ensure the marketability of their writing within the periodical industry. In both the Art Journal article and the Punch image women were grouped together as 'lady' critics and in fact occupied some of the same professional and social circles. Florence Fenwick Miller's political actions on platform and in pen were constitutive to both her name and reputation, and to her promotion of the cause of women both in art education and as practising artists. The poems and essays for which Meynell is more widely known were published in several editions. Pennell continued to revisit her own experiences as an art critic at the fin de siecle in various volumes, including her biographies of Whistler and Joseph Pennell.