ABSTRACT
There are different types of pile foundations such as steel pipe pile, cast-in-place pile, under-reamed pile and so on. And the loading types such as vertical, lateral and those combined are also an important factor for the design of pile foundations. It is considered that a search for the failure pattern of the ground due to vertical and lateral loadings are another key issues for the design of pile foundations especially for the limit state design. So far, there are many failure patterns such as those proposed by Terzaghi, Meyerhof and Vesic (Lambe and Whitman 1969) for vertically loaded piles and Reese et al.(1974) and Kishida and Nakai (1979) for laterally loaded pile. However, those have been proposed for the purpose of design calculation and are not based on close observation of real behavior. Besides, these behaviors appear at the certain depth in the ground so that it is difficult to check such behavior.
