Arabic has a specific grammatical structure called the exception https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315620091/1e85dcd9-67fa-4282-a164-2a1659972fa7/content/inline2421.tif"/> ᵓal-istiṯnāᵓu, in addition to the use of exceptive particles or words called https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315620091/1e85dcd9-67fa-4282-a164-2a1659972fa7/content/inline2422.tif"/> ᵓadawātu l-istiṯnāᵓi, he tools of exceptions’. The following are the four most common exceptive particles and words used in the sense ‘except (for), excepting, with the exception of, excluding, apart from’: https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315620091/1e85dcd9-67fa-4282-a164-2a1659972fa7/content/fig36_397.tif"/>