ABSTRACT
This chapter critically discusses the omission of certain actors from a concert’s deliberations and decision making. According to the authors, the costs of exclusion, such as humiliation, noncompliance and nonparticipation in problem solving, become unbearable when they threaten the purpose and cohesion of a concert. The authors argue that, to minimize the danger of exclusion, both input legitimacy and output legitimacy have to be increased, on the one hand, by finding suitable criteria for concert membership and, on the other hand, by acting according to justice and fairness considerations while at the same time delivering added value for members as well as nonmembers.
