ABSTRACT
The primary destination of any footing is to transmit the loading from substructures to foundation soil. Concrete and rubble concrete blocks are produced for composite footings, in particular in continuous or hollow footing wall blocks. Reinforced-concrete blocks of different varieties are produced for composite footings and panel footings. Composite footings under pillars are most appropriate if one block of small weight can be employed for them. Monolithic footings made of concrete, rubble concrete and concrete mortar, which badly resist the tensile stresses, are applied if the principal working conditions are compressive ones. The shortcomings of monolithic footings include smaller workability of scaffolding, considerable labour consumption directly on construction site, complex operations aimed at concrete curing under winter conditions, long duration of works compared with composite block footings. Waterproofing should be arranged in dry pit, so temporary stratum drainage as a sand layer is provided under the subgrade, and water is pumped out upon construction of footings and waterproofing constituents.
