Framing Effects in Surveys: How Respondents Make Sense of the Questions we Ask

I n many countries, national surveys are conducted to learn about people’sattitudes, expectations, and behaviors in a wide variety of domains. In theUnited States, well-known surveys include the Gallup Poll, the Consumer Expenditure Survey, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Michigan Survey of Consumers. Other countries have their own national surveys, recruiting respondents from the general population.