ABSTRACT
The rapid progress made by industrial combines during the past half-century is best understood when modern conditions of transit are taken into account. Spheres of industrial activity have naturally enlarged and overlapped, and competitive difficulties have been so accentuated, that combination has become a condition of ultimate survival. The term Kartell itself was first publicly applied to the combines on May 5th, 1879, when Eugen Richter, speaking in the Reichstag, decried the action of German manufacturers of railway material in selling their goods more cheaply abroad than at home 1 —a circumstance which fore-shadows much of the subsequent development of Kartell policy.
