ABSTRACT
Geophysical applications are also well suited for subsurface investigation since it is nonobstructive; site disturbance may pose significant health and safety risks. Geophysical techniques are available such that no subsurface penetration of equipment or instrument is required, referred to as surface geophysics. Ground penetrating radar is used to characterize shallow subsurface anomalies and to refine data generated from other systems to locate and track buried utilities. Electromagnetic induction is used to measure the apparent conductivity of the soil to a depth of about 20 ft, responds to electrical conductivity contrasts such as buried pipes, and assessment of variations in soil conductivity, notably in the presence and extent of certain dissolved constituents in groundwater. Seismic techniques, whether refraction or reflection, employ a seismic wave from an acoustic source and measures the subsequent travel time of seismic waves.
