The gradual expansion of industrial activity, starting in Europe in the late 18th century, brought increasingly radical changes in the global population–environment relationship. A new global community was slowly arising on the basis of the urban–industrial society. Governments and markets increasingly drew isolated local communities into a global community. The new forms of human social organization arising in the global community also signal a radical change from the past. The western overseas imperial system has given way to over 150 independent national states. New forms of intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and international business organizations have grown rapidly in the past half century. Agricultural development is promoted without reference to population growth, long term and competing water requirements, or pollution caused by fertilizers and toxic chemicals. Family planning works to promote fertility decline without addressing issues of health and social welfare or the distinctive status of women.