ABSTRACT
These texts treat Greek and Roman hydraulic engineering and the manner in which ancient technology responded to surplus (or lack) of water – a major practical problem in urban design and agricultural development. Since water flows downhill and collects at the lowest point, the flow was intercepted above the level where it was needed and guided to the point of use in a gravity-flow conduit. Otherwise it had to be lifted from the most convenient source to the point of use or to a conduit. The tunnel of Eupalinos at Samos and the aqueducts of ancient Rome represent sophisticated responses to the need for a continuous and reliable supply of water. Although relatively simple in principle, such gravity-flow conduits require careful surveying and solid construction to function and be sufficiently durable. The Latin texts (especially by Frontinus) make clear that the continuing jobs of upkeep and administration were equally complex and crucial. The Hellenistic Greeks and the Romans had, moreover, a variety of mechanical water-lifting devices, powered by animals, or by the water itself. Efficient mechanical pumps were employed in agriculture, on ships, in mines, and to fight fires. Many of the principles of the Roman aqueducts and the designs of the mechanical pumping devices are still in use today, virtually unchanged.
