ABSTRACT
Power ultrasound has been used in various industries such as dyeing, pharma, sugar, leather, extraction and so forth for various purposes such as desizing, washing, cleaning, bleaching, finishing, scouring, descaling, drug delivery and welding. Textile applications of ultrasound include a number of processes such as bleaching open-width fabric, scouring, bast fibre separation, removing weaving sizes, nonwoven fabric consolidation, preparation for dyeing, chemical coating and heat treatment. Textile dyeing assisted by ultrasonic energy has gained a significant interest. Sonochemistry has several applications in the pharmaceutical industry including sonocrystallization, sonopho- resis, lowering extraction time, solution atomization, melt sonocrystal- lization, crystallization by sonication and particle rounding technology. Sonocrystallization can be used mundanely for polymorph control, improving crystal size distribution and morphology, reducing impurities and superior solid-liquid separation. Sonication is normally recommended for pretreatment of solid environmental samples such as soils, sludges and wastes for the extraction of nonvolatile and semi-volatile organic compounds.
