ABSTRACT
The author is Associate Professor of History, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-2024. Research for this article was funded by grants from the Latin American and Caribbean Program of the Social Science Research Council, the Fulbright Program, the Stanford University Center for Latin American Studies, and the Stanford University Institute of International Studies. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Stanford-Berkeley Economic History Seminar, the Von Gremp Workshop in Economic History at UCLA, the Stanford University Social Science History Workshop, and the fiftieth meeting of the Economic History Association. I am especially indebted to Jeremy Atack, who generously shared unpublished data from the Bateman-Weiss large firm sample for 1850 to 1870, and to Jeffrey Fear, Naomi Lamoreaux, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal Richard Salvucci, Kenneth L. SokolofF, John D. W irth, and Mary A. Yeager as well as two anonymous referees who read and commented on earlier versions of this article. Research assistance was provided by Catherine Barrera, Vera Guilhon Costa, Jessica Koran, and Michael Reilly. The usual disclaimers apply.
