ABSTRACT
This chapter considers a period of highly intensified Scandinavian interaction across the Frankish kingdoms, as well as the eventual abatement of this cross-regional activity (c. 840s–930s). Comprising an extensive and meticulous analysis of continued viking antagonism, it considers the size, logistics, and spatiotemporal development of these assorted incursions, which were concentrated on increasingly upstream and inland centres of commerce, worship, and governance. Attested (and suspected) instances of Scandinavian encampment are likewise enumerated and examined in detail, as is the continued domestic deployment of operational, preventative, and remedial countermeasures. In addition, the chapter scrutinises the ongoing political affiliations between viking and Frankish elites, whilst expounding the evidence for continued transmarine commerce to and from Scandinavia. Eventually, all these assorted movements are used to illustrate and quantify ongoing, overarching patterns of Franco-Scandinavian interaction during the period in question, informing the third and fourth phases of the proposed conceptual development model.
