ABSTRACT
In both Europe and the United States, the surge of industry during the mid-to-late nineteenth century was accompanied by rapid population growth, unfettered business enterprise, great speculative profits and public failures in managing the unwanted physical consequences of development. In the twentieth-century city planners solved many urban issues, such as the need for sanitation and a lack of urban green spaces; however, the expansion of cities under the reason of encouraging rapid economic development caused new major problems. The uncontrolled and increasing expansion of cities has led to the depletion of natural resources and an increase in the harmful effects of urbanization. The scholars in urban sciences seek to alleviate the negative effects of the growing population and the scattered expansion of cities. To this end, they have attempted to provide efficient solutions for the improvement of humanistic transportation to reduce and eliminate concerns of urban sprawl and the horizontal expansion of cities. Smart growth allows urban communities to manage their growth in a way that supports economic development and jobs; creates strong neighbourhoods and a diverse range of residential, commercial and transport options; and creates healthy communities with favourable places for citizens.
