ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses specific cases as evidence of the workings of norm cascading, including the targeting of Nike by Activists, the development of voluntary standards for implementation and monitoring, attempts at achieving accountability through law, and efforts in advancing good practices and partnership. The development of the campaign shows how, step by step, Nike is socialized into adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies, although this does not necessarily mean that Nike has fully complied with its own policies or managed to redress the problems in full, as continued campaigning shows. In 1980s, labour conditions in Asian factories producing goods for export, including footwear, were already of interest to the International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF), as evidenced in its filing of General System of Preferences (GSP) complaints, and to the aid agency of the United States (USAID) through studies performed. The ILRF began filing GSP petitions on Indonesia, where Nike's products were manufactured, in 1980s, but the petitions were not successful.
