Introduction

Before- and after-school programs include general care for children that may focus on something other than physical activities (PA) and health. Some may lean more toward moderate to vigorous physical activities, while others engage youth in lifetime physical activities that require less energy expenditure, such as yoga, hiking, and camping. After-school programs may be structured and integrate literacy and sports like Reflective Educational Approach to Character and Health, an organized football team run by Liverpool Football Club, an after-school mileage club, fun-filled physical activities/games run by a physical education teacher or PA leader, or they may be informal, like a cycling meetup for high schoolers. Many of the professional programs also run charitable foundations that support a range of programs, including before- and after-school PA programs. Models like a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program have been endorsed in the United States to try to increase the amount of time youth have to be active before, during, and after school.