ABSTRACT
Leadership represents both a “process” and a “property” (Griffin & Moorhead, 2012). The former perspective considers leadership as the “use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members to meet a goal” (Griffin & Moorhead, 2012). The latter perspective considers leadership as the array of “characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to use such influence successfully” (Griffin & Moorhead, 2012). Leadership may be considered from a process perspective. This perspective defines leadership as “the process of providing general direction and influencing individuals or groups to achieve goals” (Hitt, Miller, & Colella, 2009, p. 257). In any case, leadership involves a capacity to motivate and influence the behaviors of others toward the achievement of some desired outcome. Within organizations, leaders are those individuals who are “fitted by force of ideas, character, or genius or by strength of will or administrative ability to arouse, incite, and direct individuals in conduct and achievement” (Benton, 2005).
