ABSTRACT
Optical materials, devices, and systems are vital in many applications in modern technology, from entertainment to consumer electronics to scientic research to medical diagnostics [1,2]. Over the past few decades, much academic and industry attention has been directed at miniaturizing optical systems. Making the optical systems small aims to achieve portability (easily move a device from one location to another), maneuverability (easily change the orientation or conguration of a device), and low cost [3]. Miniaturized optical systems have already found applications in personal electronics (e.g., cameras, cell phones, and tablets), in vivo bioimaging devices such as endoscopes, surveillance/security systems, miniaturized microscopes, and point-of-care diagnostics [4-6].
