ABSTRACT
This chapter explores some additional methods that are used in qualitative research design. Some qualitative designs use focus groups instead of one-on-one interviews. Similar to semi-structured interviews, focus groups typically follow a predetermined set of questions, but may do so in a format that varies in the degree of structure. One common method of collecting qualitative data is through direct observation and participation with a group. Interviews and focus groups rely on the narratives of participants rather than on actual behaviors. This can raise issues with the representation of reality. For instance, when participants describe how they were treated in some situation, an interview primarily exposes how participants perceive it rather than how it might be objectively measured. In participant observation, the researcher becomes a member of the group being researched and, thus, makes any observations while participating in the events of the group and interacting with other members.
