ABSTRACT
Biofilm is a self-assembled community of microbes that showed resilient toward antimicrobial therapy. Microbial synergism with various other factors such as impermeable nature, least metabolic cells, positive pressure due to sublethal dose of antimicrobials, oxidative stress makes the cells resilient within biofilm. Microbes within biofilms are 100–1,000 times more resistant toward antibiotics, other chemicals, and host immune system. Biofilm provides a suitable ground to transfer resistant genes among sensitive one via horizontal gene transfer. Besides all the resilient nature of biofilm-associated microbes, the various innovative approaches are coming which can cure or treat biofilm formation, especially on prosthetic devices and catheter-related infection. Different studies suggested the importance of upcoming technologies such as CRISPR, photodynamic therapy, nanomaterials, bacteriophage therapy, and new chemical entities to tackle biofilm-related infection. Still, there is a need to formulate new approaches by using such techniques to develop the best biofilm dispersal agent which can remove pre-formed biofilm, a big issue in hospital settings.
