ABSTRACT
The takeover of control from automation by human operators has proved problematic, and in the most extreme circumstances, catastrophic. This paper takes a modelling approach to the design of automation–human driver interactions. Specifically, operator event sequence diagrams (OESDs) were used to inform the design of the interaction, which was then tested in a driving simulator. This test provided, for the first time, the opportunity to validate OESDs with data gathered from videoing the takeover processes. The findings show that the predictions of driver activity made during the takeover from vehicle automation performed well, similar to other human factors methods. It is concluded that OESDs provide a useful method for human-centred automation design and, as the predictive validity shows, can continue to be used with some confidence.
