ABSTRACT
Computers of today are fractions of the size of their first
classical developed ancestors. Computer chip manufac-
turers like Intel have developed the ability to place numer-
ous transistors on computer chips, and Intel’s cofounder
Gordon Moore stated that the numbers of transistors on a
computer chip will double every 12 months.[1] There are
currently almost 108 numbers of transistors on the
PentiumTM IV computer chip.[1] The reason for this dou-
bling effect is the demand for faster and more powerful
computers. Transistors are components that are used for on
and off switching within computer devices. For example, a
transistor with an electrical charge is said to be in a state of
one, and with no electrical charge is said to be in a zero
state. Classical computers operate on the basis of binary
computation. For example, a computer uses a number of
transistor states of zeros and ones to represent a base-10
number. Through the use of logic gates, these strings of
zeros and ones can be manipulated to produce a desired
result. The problem that computer chip developers are now
faced with is the constant reduction in computer chip size.
The size and number of the transistors placed on computer
circuitry is becoming close to atomic in scale.[2] The pro-
blem with this atomic scale is that it is not bound by
classical physics, but rather quantum physics.
