ABSTRACT
DNA internalization into cells is greatly improved if it is encapsulated in conventional liposomes or complexed with cationic liposomes. Some papers report separate addition of plasmids and liposomes to the cell culture. Extruded liposomes of similar size range have a smaller precipitation gap and can therefore form complexes with higher concentration of colloidally suspended DNA. Quick hand injection is practically as good as any commonly used mechanical device. The important difference of pipette mixing is better mixing, especially because a pipette does not suck up all the sample and the concentrations in the pipette tip are typically not characteristic of the bulk. A phase diagram can also explain the importance of mixing order. Anionic complexes should be prepared by injecting liposomes into DNA, and cationic liposomes by injecting DNA into liposomes. In general, genosomes are rather heterogeneous with respect to size distribution, shape, and density.
