ABSTRACT
Many bulk particulate materials that have to be conveyed are very abrasive, such as silica sand, alumina, cement and fly ash. As a consequence, the pipeline, bends and various components that are exposed to impact by the gas-solid flows have to be designed and specified such that the problem is minimized to an acceptable level. It is not uncommon for steel bends, installed in a pipeline conveying an abrasive material, to fail in a matter of hours. The problem relates to abrasive materials and it is essentially the hardness of the particles that dictates the magnitude of the potential problem.
