ABSTRACT
South European Countries Jenö Bernáth and Éva Németh.............................................. 108 5.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 108 5.5.2 Production of Chamomile from Indigenous Populations ...................................... 109
5.5.2.1 Distribution of Chamomile ..................................................................... 109 5.5.2.2 Chemical Diversity of Wild Populations ................................................ 109 5.5.2.3 Harvest of Wild Populations................................................................... 112
5.5.3 Cultivation of Chamomile ...................................................................................... 114 5.5.3.1 Selection of Land .................................................................................... 114 5.5.3.2 Cultivation Methods................................................................................ 114 5.5.3.3 Postharvest Processing ............................................................................ 118 5.5.3.4 Cultivars .................................................................................................. 118
References .................................................................................................................................... 119 5.6 Cultivation Experiences in Slovakia Viliam Oravec, Viliam Oravec, Jr., Miroslav
Repc˘ák, L’ubomir S˘ebo, Dus˘an Jedinak, and Ivan Varga ............................................. 121 5.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 121 5.6.2 Research, Breeding, Seed Growing, and Varieties ................................................ 123
5.6.2.1 Research .................................................................................................. 123
5.6.2.2 Breeding and Seed Growing................................................................... 124 5.6.2.3 Varieties ................................................................................................... 125
5.6.3 Principles of Quality: Drug Description ................................................................ 127 5.6.4 Mechanization: Picking Technique and Picking Machines................................... 128
5.6.4.1 Technique of Picking .............................................................................. 128 5.6.4.2 Picking Machines .................................................................................... 129
5.6.4.2.1 Technical Data ...................................................................... 131 5.6.5 Plant Raw Material and Processing in Slovakia.................................................... 133
5.6.5.1 Picking Conditions and Picking Methods .............................................. 133 5.6.5.2 Postharvest Processing ............................................................................ 134
5.6.6 Processing in Slovakia............................................................................................ 137 5.6.6.1 Essential Oils........................................................................................... 137 5.6.6.2 Extracts.................................................................................................... 138
References .................................................................................................................................... 139 5.7 Growing Varieties of Chamomile in the Czech Republic Josef Holubár˘ ........................... 139 References .................................................................................................................................... 141 5.8 Experiences with the Cultivation of Chamomile in Argentina Norberto Fogola ............ 141
5.8.1 Cultivation............................................................................................................... 141 5.8.1.1 Date of Sowing ....................................................................................... 141 5.8.1.2 Seed Amount ........................................................................................... 142 5.8.1.3 Row Distance .......................................................................................... 142 5.8.1.4 Germination Factors................................................................................ 142 5.8.1.5 Growth Factors........................................................................................ 143 5.8.1.6 Soil Properties ......................................................................................... 143 5.8.1.7 Climate .................................................................................................... 143 5.8.1.8 Fertilizing ................................................................................................ 143
5.8.2 Weed and Pathogen Control................................................................................... 144 5.8.2.1 Herbicides................................................................................................ 144 5.8.2.2 Insecticides .............................................................................................. 144
5.8.3 Yield Formation...................................................................................................... 144 5.8.3.1 Stage of Development and Content of Nutrients ................................... 144 5.8.3.2 Distribution of the Active Substances .................................................... 145
5.8.4 Harvest and Processing .......................................................................................... 145 5.8.4.1 Time of Harvest ...................................................................................... 145 5.8.4.2 Yield ........................................................................................................ 146 5.8.4.3 Harvest Methods ..................................................................................... 146 5.8.4.4 Seed Harvest............................................................................................ 148
References .................................................................................................................................... 150 5.9 Chamomile in Chile: Cultivation and Industrialization Eduardo Weldt S........................... 150
5.9.1 Botanical Considerations........................................................................................ 150 5.9.2 Use .......................................................................................................................... 151 5.9.3 Cultivation............................................................................................................... 152
5.9.3.1 Sowing..................................................................................................... 152 5.9.3.2 Weed Control .......................................................................................... 152 5.9.3.3 Harvest..................................................................................................... 153
5.9.4 Final Products......................................................................................................... 155 References .................................................................................................................................... 155 5.10 Cultivation Experiences in Egypt Tamer Fahmi ................................................................ 156
5.10.1 Cultivation Regions ................................................................................................ 156 5.10.2 Cultivation Areas .................................................................................................... 156
5.10.3 Cultivation Procedure ............................................................................................ 156 5.10.4 Insects that Infect the Plant and the Methods of Fighting Them ......................... 158 5.10.5 Cultivated Varieties/Types ...................................................................................... 159 5.10.6 Harvesting, Drying, and Preparation...................................................................... 159
5.10.6.1 Harvest Date............................................................................................ 159 5.10.6.2 Harvest..................................................................................................... 161 5.10.6.3 Treatment after Harvest .......................................................................... 161 5.10.6.4 Packaging, Storage, and Shipping .......................................................... 161 5.10.6.5 Production Quantity, Export Quantity, and Usage ................................. 161
5.11 Cultivation in Germany Rolf Franke and Hans-Jürgen Hannig ...................................... 162 5.11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 162 5.11.2 Cultivation............................................................................................................... 163 5.11.3 Seed Production...................................................................................................... 165
References .................................................................................................................................... 165
The actual origin of Matricaria recutita L. is the Near East and south and east Europe. The species is to be found almost all over Europe, in western Siberia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus Mountains, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. After its introduction it also became common in North America, South America, New Zealand, and Australia [83]. It even appears in the coat of arms of Pehuajó (a provincial town in the Pampas about 500 km southwest of Buenos Aires), although chamomile is not found in a botanical statement containing the medicinal plants of Argentina found.
