ABSTRACT
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The contemporary “combined sewer” had its origins in the mid 19th century, but, if one of the marks of an advanced civilization is the physical infrastructure of its cities, numerous ancient civilizations were notably ahead of their time in their ability to design and build systems to control wet-weather and sanitary-wastewater flows. In these societies’ innovations lie the roots of modern sewer system practice, which developed on the foundations of the scientific and engineering advances of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
