ABSTRACT
The best way to prevent the liquid in a pipeline from freezing in cold weather is to bury the pipe below the frostline, which depends on geographic location. In places where a pipeline or a portion of the pipeline must be above ground, consideration must be given to preventing the liquid in the pipe from freezing. Insulating the pipe with an insulating material is often sufficient to solve this problem. When insulation alone is insufficient, the pipe must be heated in one way or another.
