ABSTRACT
Macrophage and Peritoneal Macrophage Cells .....................................................................92 7.6 Smokeless Tobacco Extract and Free-Radical Scavenging Effects
of Common Antioxidants in Macrophage Cells ....................................................................93 7.7 Subchronic Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Extract on Hepatic Lipid
Peroxidation and the Increased Excretion of Urinary Metabolites .......................................93 7.8 Chronic Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on the Histopathology
of Rat Livers and Induction of HSP90 ..................................................................................94 7.9 Cell Viability and Trypan Blue Exclusion Technique
of Normal Human Oral Keratinocytes (NHOK) Treated with STE .....................................94 7.10 Smokeless Tobacco and Superoxide Anion Production in
Human Oral Keratinocytes.....................................................................................................95 7.11 Smokeless Tobacco and Lipid Peroxidation of Human
Oral Keratinocytes ..................................................................................................................95 7.12 Smokeless Tobacco and Change in Intracellular Oxidation
States by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ...................................................................95 7.13 Smokeless Tobacco Induces Protein Kinase C (PKC) Activation
in Human Oral Keratinocytes.................................................................................................96 7.14 Smokeless Tobacco and DNA Fragmentation in Human
Oral Keratinocytes ..................................................................................................................97 7.15 Smokeless Tobacco and DNA Ladder Analysis in Human
Oral Keratinocytes ..................................................................................................................97 7.16 Smokeless Tobacco and Apoptosis in Human Oral Keratinocytes
by Flow Cytometry and DNA Cell Cycle Analysis ..............................................................98 7.17 Effect of STE on Cell Viability as Determined by MTT,
3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide] Assay............................98 7.18 STE-Induced Alterations in p53 and Bcl-2 Gene in NHOK Cells .......................................99 7.19 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................101 Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................101 References ......................................................................................................................................102
Approximately one-third of all cancers in the U.S. are believed to be caused by tobacco. The consumption of tobacco products is responsible for a significant portion of human cancers at various sites, in particular the lung, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus.
