ABSTRACT
Fluids can be classified into two broad categories: Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Pure fluids such as water or air are Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids are solutions or suspensions of particulates. Whether a non-Newtonian fluid is pseudoplastic, dilatant, or another type depends on not only the kind but also the concentration of the suspended particles. The aforementioned non-Newtonian fluids are time-independent. Some other non-Newtonian fluids, however, have time-dependent rheological properties. While Newtonian fluids have only one rheological property – the viscosity defined by Newton's law of viscosity – non-Newtonian fluids often have two or three rheological properties, defined by the following laws. There are many other laws proposed in the literature for various types of non-Newtonian fluids. There are many equations proposed in the literature for turbulent pipe flow of non-Newtonian fluids. Torrance has treated the case of turbulent flow in pipe of a yield-pseudoplastic fluid. Two important cases are to be considered: power-law fluid and Bingham plastic fluid.
