ABSTRACT
The pressuremeter is of little help in the design of gravity, cantilever, and reinforced earth walls. An exception would be the problems associated with the bearing capacity and settlement of such walls. This chapter is devoted to the design of drilled shaft retaining walls, sheet pile walls, slurry trench walls, and more generally to the design of walls which develop part or all of the retaining force from the resistance of the embedded portion of the wall. There are various methods available to design such retaining walls. The first type of method is the limit equilibrium approach, where the global equilibrium of the wall is considered. The second type of method is the finite element method where the wall and the soil surrounding the wall are modeled by finite elements. The third type of method is the finite difference method where the wall is modeled by a series of elements acted upon by nonlinear spring models representing the soil reaction.
