ABSTRACT
Lead–acid batteries are most commonly used for residential-scale photovoltaic (pv) systems. Batteries with grids containing calcium or strontium for strength have reduced gassing, and, consequently, have less water usage and low selfdischarge rates. The plate grids are the supporting framework for the active materials of the plates. A battery has a larger ampere–hour capacity at longer discharge rates because more time is available for the acid in the electrolyte to penetrate deeper into the battery plates. Batteries prepared for use in tropical climates have slightly different electrolyte specific gravity values than batteries prepared for use in temperate or cold climates. Battery self-discharge is due to the consumption of a small amount of battery capacity by local chemical reactions. A battery should be lifted with hands placed at opposite corners or a battery carrier should be used as excessive pressure on the end walls can cause electrolyte spillage through the vents.
