ABSTRACT

Mathematically, Newton's laws of motion are cast in the form of differential equations (specifically, equations which relate quantities to their time dependence). One of the simplest examples can be given in the context of that stone-throwing problem which so interested the early Greeks. Newton did fully realize that the heavens could not be separated, or compartmentalized, into isolated pairs of interacting two-body systems. Newton tried to deal with this problem at least for what he deemed to be the simplest circumstance, namely the case in which one two-body force exerts a much larger influence on the primary motion of concern than the others. In order to probe the effect of chaos in the true quantum regime it is necessary to focus upon the motion of electrons. The electronic 'motion' of an electron about a nucleus cannot be cast, in quantum theory, in terms of classical concepts like orbits.