ABSTRACT
A system is an 'organised whole' of a plural number of units. The essential sense of this term captures its organic characteristics, or the synergy effect; that is, the total optimisation is greater than the sum of the partial optimisations. The essential sense of this term captures its organic characteristics, or the synergy effect; that is, the total optimisation is greater than the sum of the partial optimisations. A state which is not systematised is 'chaos'. Chaos now means a mode which creates unforeseen irregular behaviour or pattern in spite of deterministic character following a certain specific rule/law. If a unit forming part of a system behaves with strong independence/autonomy, this unit is called a module or holon; a system consisting of autonomous modules is called a total system. Many characteristics are concerned with systems; some are size, complexity, totality, mission/functions/objectives, internal/external relationships, equilibrium/balance, hierarchy, dimensionality, dynamic behaviour and so on.
