ABSTRACT
In the first decade of federal criminal environmental enforcement (1982–1992), 232 companies of all sizes were convicted. Leading the list of companies that were charged were Exxon, Texaco, Nabisco, Ralston-Purina, Keebler, W.R. Grace & Co., Ashland Oil, Orkin Exterminating Co., Ocean Spray Cranberries, and Pennwalt (Thornburgh, 1991). These prosecutions sent a message that was heard by the corporate community: environmental crime was bad for business.
