ABSTRACT
In lakes and reservoirs, mixing results primarily from three disturbing influences: the mixing energy that results from inflows, the mixing energy from outflows or withdrawals, and the transfer of energy across the air-water interface due to wind and other meteorological conditions. The higher density can result from cooler inflow temperatures or higher concentrations of dissolved or particulate materials. The locations of the plunge point and separation point, being analogous, can be estimated using similar relationships. High turbidity interflows in Lake Cumberland, KY, have been observed to essentially "short-circuit" the reservoir. Within the withdrawal zone, the velocity distribution will vary from a point of maximum velocity to zero velocities at the limits of the zone. The types of gravity waves are short waves and long waves, distinguished by the interaction with the benthic boundary. A spilling breaker tends to form over a gradually shoaling bottom and to break over long distances with the wave collapsing downward in front of the wave.
