ABSTRACT
Water mills were used to grind corn and drove powerful hammer forge and bellows for metallurgy. The development of metallurgy was first assumed to be the province of the cultures of Mesopotamia. Early copper technology and hence metallurgy was developed by various technical specialists in these early Balkan and European cultures. Under modern conditions, a horse can do ten times the work of man, much less in ancient times. The ancients had insufficient knowledge of animal anatomy which saw ox harness used on mules, horses, and donkeys with disastrous effects, thus robbing these animals of their superior tractive power. Machinery in antiquity was thus either powered by man or water. The Greek engineers along with the earlier Assyrians and the later Romans were first and foremost masters of the machines of war. Concomitant was a change in accepted Roman attitudes toward life in general and role of Roman state in the world.
