ABSTRACT
This chapter examines finite–ß effects in the drift-cyclotron instability, the lower-hybrid-drift instability, the drift loss-cone instability, and the ion cyclotron excitation of the transverse drift waves. For a finiteratio of the Larmor radius of particles to the characteristic length of a plasma inhomogeneity, it is necessary to allow for the cyclotron and high-frequency instabilities. One of the main and experimentally verified methods of suppression of the drift loss-cone instability is the injection of a plasma of a relatively low density with slightly warm ions. With increasing β, the electromagnetic part of the perturbations and the electron magnetic drift become important. The broadening of the cyclotron resonance is also caused by ion magnetic drift. For a sufficiently large ion magnetic drift, that is, for sufficiently highβ, the frequency range of such a broadening can also be compared with the ion cyclotron frequency.
