ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with both intakes and outlets of dams. It reviews high submergence intakes and low submergence intakes. Gateflow is considered including the standard gate and the hinged flap gate, followed by the hydraulics of standard gate flow. Reservoir intakes for power production, irrigation works or drinking-water supply are located at the reservoir banks, at the reservoir bottom or combined with the dam structure for concrete dams. For low-head intakes slightly submerged, the intake pressure may be so low as to set up an air-water mixture. For high-head intakes, the pressure along the wetted structural boundary may locally drop below vapor pressure. Low-level outlets are key safety elements of high-head dams; their failure can have serious consequences for the entire dam structure and reservoir operation. Low-level outlets should be designed for free-surface flow in the downstream tunnel section.
