ABSTRACT
An understanding of terminology, contractural obligations, and liabilities is essential in planning, budgeting, monitoring, and controlling shipping costs.
The cost of procuring equipment and commodities for project installation includes the cost and logistics of transportation, whetht-r by land, sea, or air. Modes of transportation for inland movement of goods could be by rail, contract carrier, common carrier, air, or waterways. Overseas cargo shipments are by barge, ship, or air and will normally include additional, associated costs of export preparation, packing, insurances, and freight forwarding documentation. For overseas shipments, three elements of travel are involved: getting the products from the point of manufacture or wpply distribution to the port of de-embarkation, to the port of entry, and, to the site location. Once on site, costs associated with receiving, inventorying, storage, retrieval, and handling become matters of construction and/or traffic management, indirect elements of estimating, and cost control.
