ABSTRACT
The behavior of piping and tubing subject to external pressure has been well understood since the early 1900’s [Jasper, Roark, Saunders, Southwell, Timoshenko]. Consider a long, perfectly circular cylinder subject to uniform external pressure. By long cylinder, we mean a cylinder longer than a critical length given by https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> L c = 1.11 D D t https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429213458/5d4b0faa-47a4-4dfb-8c1d-5bb08679f354/content/eqn0049.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
D = diameter, in
t = wall thickness, in
