ABSTRACT
The relative density of a granular deposit is a major factor in determining if stabilization is required or desirable. It is defined in terms of void ratio, e (see equation 2.3). In the laboratory, the minimum value of e is approached by pouring the soil sample into a container with minimum drop height. The state of maximum density is approached by tapping, tamping, or vibrating the cylinder until the volume no longer decreases. ASTM standards describe the procedures in detail (ASTM D4253 and D4254). The in-situ void ratio, which must be known in order to compute relative density, cannot be determined in the laboratory since all granular samples are disturbed, and cannot be reconstituted in the laboratory with any reasonable precision. (By sampling granular deposits which have been grouted, it is possible to obtain in-situ properties. Procedures are discussed in the chapter dealing with acrylic grouts. Frozen samples can also be used, but may induce error due to the volume change when water freezes.)
