ABSTRACT
In a metal, the atoms are bonded together by metallic bonds. In functionally graded materials, the variation of the structure along the dimensions causes their properties to be functionally graded. Shape memory alloys under loadings or temperature change undergo phase transformation, which gives these alloys different mechanical behaviors. Poling makes ferroelectric materials have piezoelectricity. Overall, material properties are strongly related to the structure. Temperature affects materials in many aspects. Most plastic material models of metals and soils have a smooth yield surface. Therefore, the Newton–Raphson method is adopted in the nonlinear iteration, and the solution process exhibits very rapid convergence. Material modeling requires the input of the material parameters for various materials. Normally, the material parameters can be found in manuals and references. If not, they can be obtained by the curve-fitting of experimental data. User subroutine ANSYS provides an extensive library of materials.
