ABSTRACT
The most common parameters defining cold-forming properties of steels are:
Weighted average plastic strain ratio, r m-value
Planar anisotopy, Δr
Maximum uniform strain (elongation) prior to necking, ϵu
Work-hardening index (or exponent) n
Work-hardening rate at a constant strain value, dσdϵ
Total strain at fracture, or ductility, ϵT
Yield stress
Uniform rate of strain aging.
