ABSTRACT
Invention of the boundless boundaries of cyberspace has been followed by its criminalization and militarization, with software codes used as cyber arms and agents in espionage and sabotage. Physical weapons, enhanced by computerized command and control, have acquired full autonomy and the ability to take decisions and select targets. Hybrid war, a new type of war, exploiting all five military domains, has emerged, and its major characteristics are covert and speedy cyber operations, absence of clear protocols, unpredictability and uncertainty, as well as difficulties in attribution. In spite of all the undertaken efforts, there are a lot of issues to be agreed upon. They include applicability of international law to cyber conflicts resolution, cyber environment definitions, including the notorious dual use nature of cyber arms, scope and limits of self-defence and countermeasures, attribution and investigation ethics, international normative guidance and policies, etc.
